论园林绿化工程中的大树移栽

论述园林绿化工程大树移栽的定义、意义、特点和原则,并对大树移栽前的准备和处理、移栽中的操作规程、移栽后养护管理等方面进行了较为详细的阐述,方法简明、技术适用、科学有效,对各地园林绿化大树移栽成活有一定指导意义。     

淹水胁迫下小麦根通气组织形成的PCD特征及活性氧作用初探

为了解淹水条件下小麦根通气组织形成的细胞学特点和活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)在通气组织形成中的作用,以高度耐湿的华麦8号幼苗为材料进行淹水处理,在显微水平上系统地观察了通气组织的形成过程,在分子水平上检测了细胞核DNA的断裂情况,并对ROS的动态变化进行了荧光观察.结果表明:(1)通气组织最先起源于根皮层中部,然后逐渐扩展,到淹水8 d时基本形成,淹水60 d时更为发达;(2)淹水1.5～48 h根皮层出现大量细胞核DNA断裂,且细胞核DNA降解为180～200 bp的片段,证明小麦根通气组织的形成过程是根皮层细胞发生细胞程序化死亡(Programmed cell death, PCD)的过程,而且淹水1.5～48 h是根皮层细胞死亡高峰期;(3)ROS在细胞核DNA发生断裂前开始积累,在通气组织形成中呈现动态变化.上述结果表明, 淹水胁迫下小麦根通气组织形成是一个皮层细胞PCD的过程,并且ROS可能参与介导了PCD的进程.另外,淹水胁迫在前期抑制了次生根的产生,随后又促进了次生根的产生.     

陇东野生紫花苜蓿的遗传特异性分析

为初步判定陇东野生紫花苜蓿(Native Medicago sativa L. cv. Longdong)的遗传特异性,及与其他苜蓿材料的亲缘关系,借助垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对包括该材料在内的41个紫花苜蓿材料进行POD同工酶酶谱特征分析。结果表明:供试材料共出现22条酶带,最多9条,最少5条;陇东野生紫花苜蓿出现6条酶带,其特征谱带为Rf0.26;将0,1二态性矩阵转化为遗传距离矩阵进行聚类,陇东野生紫花苜蓿单独聚为一类。聚类分析的结果表明,陇东野生紫花苜蓿与其他40个材料存在较大的遗传差异,为其在形态学上与其他苜蓿的差异提供了有利支持。     

Investigations concerning the role of Chalara fraxinea in declining Fraxinus excelsior

A study was carried out to clarify the role of the fungus Chalara fraxinea in decline of Fraxinus excelsior , which is observed on a large scale in central and northern Europe with high incidence of tree mortality. The aims of this work were: (i) to check for the presence of C. fraxinea in various tissues of declining F. excelsior by agar culture isolations and by direct analysis of plant tissues using molecular techniques (DNA extraction, ITS-PCR, cloning, ITS sequencing and T-RFLP); (ii) to study fungal communities inhabiting tissues with symptoms; and (iii) to test the pathogenicity of C. fraxinea to F. excelsior . Chalara fraxinea was isolated from 93% of stem cankers, 91% of necrotic leaf stalks, 27–28% of bark wounds and 30% of visually healthy leaf stalks. Molecular analyses of necrotic leaves, leaf stalks and bark revealed the presence of 25 different fungal taxa, 14 of which were detected in all three types of tissue sample. Chalara fraxinea was the second most common species (61% of samples), and only Cryptococcus foliicola occurred more often (70%). All eight of the tested C. fraxinea isolates induced necroses in bark and cambium on each of 86 inoculated trees, and all controls remained healthy. Average length of necroses caused by different C. fraxinea strains varied from 4·2 to 8·9 cm, but the differences were statistically insignificant. Instead, differences in resistance of individual trees to C. fraxinea were observed.     

防治牡丹根腐病的有效药剂筛选

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,分别测定了咪鲜胺、醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、百菌清、多菌灵、代森锰锌等6种杀菌剂对牡丹根腐病菌的室内毒力。结果表明,6种药剂对病菌菌丝生长的EC50大小顺序为：咪鲜胺<多菌灵<代森锰锌<苯醚甲环唑<百菌清<醚菌酯,其中以咪鲜胺对牡丹根腐病病菌的菌丝生长抑制作用最强, EC50为0.200 mg/L;多菌灵、代森锰锌、苯醚甲环唑、百菌清依次减弱,醚菌酯的抑制菌丝生长的作用最小,EC50为33.98 mg/L。6种药剂对病菌孢子萌发的EC50大小顺序为：百菌清<咪鲜胺<苯醚甲环唑<多菌灵<代森锰锌<醚菌酯;其中以百菌清对牡丹根腐病菌的孢子萌发抑制作用最强,EC50为0.343 mg/L;咪鲜胺、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵、代森锰锌依次减弱,醚菌酯抑制孢子萌发的作用最小,EC50为38.4 mg/L。     

受（霜）冻果树光谱特征及其受冻级别的定量化测评——以酥梨、砂红桃、红富士苹果树为例

此研究试图探寻受霜冻程度不同的果树的反射光谱特征,并尝试利用光谱数据对果树的受冻程度进行定量化测评.首先,分别对酥梨、砂红桃、红富士3种果树4个受冻级别的花朵的光谱反射率进行了预处理.随后,对光谱数据以9种不同的波长为间隔进行了一阶微分变换.最后,利用优选的3组微分波谱在其对应的特征波段区间内的积分求值,分别对3种果树花朵的受冻程度进行了定量化评估建模.主要结论为:①每种果树各级受冻花朵的反射波谱均在360 nm附近出现了最低谷区,而在360～440 nm的波段区间均出现了坡度最大的陡坎,陡坎坡度的大小顺序为:未受冻级别＞轻度受冻级别＞中度受冻级别＞重度受冻级别,并且陡坎的最大坡度均出现在400 nm附近;②当波长间隔同时设为9 nm时,酥梨、砂红桃、红富士苹果树的各级受冻花朵的微分波谱分别在396±20,400±20,410±20 nm波段区间内的积分求值差异最大;③利用上述的3组积分值,可分别对3种果树花朵的受冻级别建立定量化评估模型.     

阜康北部梭梭荒漠早春物种多样性研究

通过对梭梭荒漠2种植物群落早春的物种组成、垂直结构及物种多样性的对比研究发现:梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落和白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)群落具有结构简单、群落优势度高、均匀度和物种多样性较低、旱生性植物占绝对优势及短生植物成为群落重要组成部分等特征。同时,二者存在以下差异:①物种多样性差异, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数梭梭群落(0.74,0.08和0.81)均高于白梭梭群落(0.61, 0.06和0.77);②主要伴生种不同,前者以草本植物为主要伴生种,后者以灌木为主要伴生种;③短生物种丰富度差异分别占前者的64.7%(11种)及后者的60%(15种)。2种梭梭群落的特点与差异可能与古尔班通古特沙漠南缘早春适宜的水热配置、群落生境的沙土含水量、沙面稳定程度及物种本身的生物学特性等因素有关。     

芦芽山旅游干扰下不同植被景观区物种多样性的比较

利用12个物种多样性指数,研究了芦芽山不同植被景观区物种多样性的差异。结果表明:1)随着旅游干扰程度的减少,物种的均匀度和综合多样性表现出不断增大的趋势。至于物种丰富度的变化则与其不同,旅游活动的适度干扰有利于物种丰富度的增加,旅游干扰较少或干扰严重均不利于其增加。2)物种丰富度与坡度呈显著正相关,均匀度与海拔和路宽呈显著正相关,与旅游影响系数呈显著负相关,综合多样性与景观重要值呈显著正相关,与旅游影响系数呈极显著负相关。3)在丰富度指数上,Patrick指数和Margalef指数相对较好,而Menhinick指数相对较差。在均匀度指数上,Pielou指数、Sheldon指数和Heip指数属于一组,Hill指数和修正的Hill指数属于另一组。在综合多样性指数上,Shannon-Wiener指数、Hill的多样性指数N1和N2都表现出一致的变化趋势,而Simpson指数由于计算方式和所反映的生态意义特殊,因而其变化趋势与其它指数不同。     

艾比湖湿地自然保护区荒漠植物群落物种多样性研究

以重要值为测度指标,选择反映群落物种多样性、丰富度、优势度和均匀度的6个测定指数对艾比湖湿地自然保护区荒漠植物群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:在整个研究区荒漠植物群落中,盐穗木、盐节木、白梭梭、梭梭和盐爪爪等物种有较高的重要值,草本的重要值较低。各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:白梭梭>胡杨>盐穗木>盐豆木>罗布麻>琵琶柴>花花柴>白刺>柽柳>白麻>芦苇>芨芨草>梭梭>骆驼刺>甘草>盐节木。     

Attraction and antennal response of the common wasp,Vespula vulgaris (L.), to selected synthetic chemicals in New Zealand beech forests

BACKGROUND: The common wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.), and the German wasp, Vespula germanica (F.), are significant problems in New Zealand beech forests (Nothofagus spp.), adversely affecting native birds and invertebrate biodiversity. This work was undertaken to develop synthetic attractants for these species to enable more efficient monitoring and management. RESULTS: Seven known wasp attractants (acetic acid, butyl butyrate, isobutanol, heptyl butyrate, octyl butyrate and 2,4‐hexadienyl butyrate) were field tested, and only heptyl butyrate and octyl butyrate attracted significantly higher numbers of wasps than a non‐baited trap. Accordingly, a series of straight‐chain esters from methyl to decyl butyrate were prepared and field tested for attraction of social wasps. Peak biological activity occurred with hexyl butyrate, heptyl butyrate, octyl butyrate and nonyl butyrate. Polyethylene bags emitting approximately 18.4–22.6 mg day^?1 of heptyl butyrate were more attractive than polyethylene bags emitting approximately 14.7–16.8 mg day^?1 of heptyl butyrate in the field. Electroantennogram (EAG) studies indicated that queens and workers of V. vulgaris had olfactory receptor neurons responding to various aliphatic butyrates. CONCLUSION: These results are the first to be reported on the EAG response and the attraction of social wasps to synthetic chemicals in New Zealand beech forests and will enable monitoring of social wasp activity in beech forests. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry